I have been meaning to do a post on the steam cycle, otherwise known as the Rankine Cycle. It's pretty simple to describe the four-step process. The complicated part is designing, maintaining, and operating the machinery that makes it happen continuously, year after year.
The water/steam cycle is the most practical and commonly used means of converting heat energy into electrical energy. The process works like this: Fuel is burned for heat. The heat vaporizes a liquid (typically very pure water), which is then expanded through a steam turbine. Lastly it is condensed at very low pressure to extract all possible thermal energy and also to re-use the pure water.
An advertisement-free blog about motorcycling, Northern life, home improvement, power plants, submarines, nuclear stuff, and a few other off-beat subjects. Comments are welcome. (Image is the Selway Crags in Northern Idaho)
Sunday, August 18, 2013
Sunday, July 28, 2013
Summer Vacation
The family just returned from summer vacation. It was an exhausting whirlwind of a trip, and I don't intend to repeat that sort of vacation again. It took 3 days of driving to get to SoCal, and 3 days to return, with a lot of side trips while we were there. Disneyland, the Ringling Circus, Bakersfield, and Morro Bay.
Although we saw some really cool things and got to visit old friends, we didn't go anywhere that was nicer than where I live. Hmmm. Maybe that's why this is a vacation spot...
That said, I did get some really cool pictures of places that we visited. One of those places was Bodie, California, a turn of the century ghost town. There is a lot more there than the pictures posted here. I just wanted to share the cool old steam and electric power stuff :)
While we were at Morro Bay I happened to see DSRV-2, the "Avalon", on display. This is a little electric deep-diving submarine. "DSRV" stands for "Deep Submergence Rescue Vehicle".
During the cold war, the Navy had a DSRV stationed on each coast. In the event a military submarine sunk, the Navy had the ability to load these into a cargo aircraft and quickly get it to the sunken boat, to hopefully rescue survivors.
Unfortunately for the crew of the submarine Kursk, this DSRV hatch would not have mated to the Russian submarine hatch. Also if I recall correctly, the hatch was too damaged to open, probably due to hull flexing and deforming after impacting the bottom.
Here are the specs for DSRV-2.
Side note: A shipmate of mine transferred to this little guy back in the 1980's. He said that he finally got a chance to look out at the ocean while submerged (military subs have no windows, for obvious reasons). For his first dive, they took Avalon clear to the bottom off the coast of San Diego, put him in front of a window, then turned on the lights. He said there was nothing to see but sand and a few empty beer cans. Hahaha!
Although we saw some really cool things and got to visit old friends, we didn't go anywhere that was nicer than where I live. Hmmm. Maybe that's why this is a vacation spot...
That said, I did get some really cool pictures of places that we visited. One of those places was Bodie, California, a turn of the century ghost town. There is a lot more there than the pictures posted here. I just wanted to share the cool old steam and electric power stuff :)
Below, a skid-mounted boiler
A steam piston engine for running the mine elevator. Note the journal for the shaft at the far end.
The flywheel and shaft that were attached to the steam engine. This wheel is enormous. The shaft is a foot across.
A small AC generator. This is about 3 ft across.
We also went to Twin Lakes at Mammoth Village. A very pretty place, although after a year of living in northern Idaho, the forests in California looked pretty sparse and dry.
On the way home, we drove over White's Pass, between Mt. Ranier to the north and Mt. St. Helens to the south. Below is a photo of St. Helens. Unfortunately, there was a lot of moisture haze in the air, so I didn't get a clear shot. This is the northwest side of the mountain that blew out in 1980.
Mt. Ranier, another dangerous volcano. The forest here is quite lush.
Upper Clear Creek Falls. The water spreads way out, maybe 20 ft across and maybe an inch deep, before pooling together again at the bottom.
Lower Clear Creek Falls.
While we were at Morro Bay I happened to see DSRV-2, the "Avalon", on display. This is a little electric deep-diving submarine. "DSRV" stands for "Deep Submergence Rescue Vehicle".
During the cold war, the Navy had a DSRV stationed on each coast. In the event a military submarine sunk, the Navy had the ability to load these into a cargo aircraft and quickly get it to the sunken boat, to hopefully rescue survivors.
Unfortunately for the crew of the submarine Kursk, this DSRV hatch would not have mated to the Russian submarine hatch. Also if I recall correctly, the hatch was too damaged to open, probably due to hull flexing and deforming after impacting the bottom.
Here are the specs for DSRV-2.
| Builder: | Lockheed Missiles and Space, Co., Sunnyvale, California, USA |
| Power Plant: | Electric motors, silver/zinc batteries, one shaft, 15 shaft horsepower (11 kW), four thrusters, 7.5 horsepower (6 kW). |
| Length: | 49 ft (15 m) |
| Beam: | 8 ft (2.4 m) |
| Displacement: | 38 tons (39 metric tons) |
| Speed | 4 knots (7 km/h) |
| Maximum depth: | 5,000 ft (1500 m) |
| Sonar: | Search and navigation |
| Ships: | Mystic (DSRV 1) |
| Avalon (DSRV 2) | |
| Crew: | Two pilots, two rescue personnel and the capacity for 24 passengers |
Side note: A shipmate of mine transferred to this little guy back in the 1980's. He said that he finally got a chance to look out at the ocean while submerged (military subs have no windows, for obvious reasons). For his first dive, they took Avalon clear to the bottom off the coast of San Diego, put him in front of a window, then turned on the lights. He said there was nothing to see but sand and a few empty beer cans. Hahaha!
Friday, June 28, 2013
Pokey LaFarge - another very cool musical sound
Years ago, I was in Atlanta for a training class. An old navy buddy recommended that I try "Fat Matt's Rib Shack", for some good southern cooking. I enjoyed the meal, but I enjoyed the band even more. The band was Pokey LaFarge and the South City Three.
I don't know how you would classify the music; It seems to vary between early Amerian Blues and Dixieland. It's a distinctly early 20th century American sound, and I really like it. There can't be many bands playing this kind of music anymore. I have a couple of their albums on order from Amazon right now. As far as I know, their music is original, not covers. Every one of these guys is a kickass musician. Check em out!
I don't know how you would classify the music; It seems to vary between early Amerian Blues and Dixieland. It's a distinctly early 20th century American sound, and I really like it. There can't be many bands playing this kind of music anymore. I have a couple of their albums on order from Amazon right now. As far as I know, their music is original, not covers. Every one of these guys is a kickass musician. Check em out!
Monday, June 24, 2013
New musical discovery - Jonathon Wilson
Taking a quick break from power plants...
I was reading Boing Boing today. One of the articles was a rave review about musician Jonathon Wilson, and how under-appreciated he is.
The review was *SO* over the top in praise that I decided to have a listen to some of his tunes on SoundCloud. The dude is damn good. You have to like the late 60's acid rock style like Pink Floyd & The Moody Blues to appreciate the cool retro sound he's creating. He sounds a lot like Floyd when they were at the top of their game.
It took some adjustment on my part to give these songs enough time to get flowing. Most of the music I listen to these days starts thrashing immediately :) I really like this first song.
I was reading Boing Boing today. One of the articles was a rave review about musician Jonathon Wilson, and how under-appreciated he is.
The review was *SO* over the top in praise that I decided to have a listen to some of his tunes on SoundCloud. The dude is damn good. You have to like the late 60's acid rock style like Pink Floyd & The Moody Blues to appreciate the cool retro sound he's creating. He sounds a lot like Floyd when they were at the top of their game.
It took some adjustment on my part to give these songs enough time to get flowing. Most of the music I listen to these days starts thrashing immediately :) I really like this first song.
Saturday, June 22, 2013
Nearby Corliss Steam Engine
After putting together a series of blog posts about the history of steam engines, I ran across one in my own backyard! Being new to the area, we were playing tourist, and poking around in the nearby town of Newport, Washington. Imagine my surprise when we rolled up on this monster! Yep, that's a standard bus stop bench in front of it.
According to the sign, it put out 478 horsepower and the big wheel turned 100 RPM.
This got me thinking about what it must have been at the turn of the 20th century to see one of these beasts in operation... So I checked Youtube, and guess what? They have a few videos of Corliss steam engines running. Check them out!
Below is a 500 Horsepower Corliss engine that was once used to power looms in a textile factory. It's a little freaky watching that massive connecting rod move back and forth so quickly. Most impressive in fullscreen mode!
Unfortunately the above video doesn't clearly show the steam valve train. But happily, I found another video that does. You can easily see how the eccentric wheel operates the wrist-plate, which in turn drives the entire valve train. I spent a little time trying to understand the purpose of the vertical rods dangling from the upper steam inlet valves and learned something.
The inlet valves do not shut when the wrist-plate rocks back. Instead they are closed by the governor tripping them each cycle. The vertical rods, which are attached to dashpots, allow the steam valves to close more slowly than if they were shut by the wrist-plate, admitting more steam to the cylinder. An early (and succesful!) type of variable valve timing.
Once again I will turn the valve train explanation over to Wiki, who does a far better explanation than I ever could:
"The inlet valves are pulled open with an eccentric-driven pawl; when the pawl trips, the rapid closure is damped using a dashpot. In many engines, the same dashpot acts as a vacuum spring to pull the valves closed, but Corliss's early engines were slow enough that it was the weight of the dashpot piston and rod that closed the valve.
The speed of a Corliss engine is controlled by varying the cutoff of steam during each power stroke, while leaving the throttle wide open at all times. To accomplish this, the centriugal governor is linked to a pair of cams, one for each admission valve. These cams determine the point during the piston stroke that the pawl will release, allowing that valve to close.
As with all steam engines where the cutoff can be regulated, the virtue of doing so lies in the fact that most of the power stroke is powered by the expansion of steam in the cylinder after the admission valve has closed. This comes far closer to the ideal Carnot cycle than is possible with an engine where the admission valve is open for the length of the power stroke and speed is regulated by a throttle valve."
And lastly, a drawing of this complex arrangement, showing the pawls that open the inlets, and the vertical rods with attached weights.
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According to the sign, it put out 478 horsepower and the big wheel turned 100 RPM.
This got me thinking about what it must have been at the turn of the 20th century to see one of these beasts in operation... So I checked Youtube, and guess what? They have a few videos of Corliss steam engines running. Check them out!
Below is a 500 Horsepower Corliss engine that was once used to power looms in a textile factory. It's a little freaky watching that massive connecting rod move back and forth so quickly. Most impressive in fullscreen mode!
Unfortunately the above video doesn't clearly show the steam valve train. But happily, I found another video that does. You can easily see how the eccentric wheel operates the wrist-plate, which in turn drives the entire valve train. I spent a little time trying to understand the purpose of the vertical rods dangling from the upper steam inlet valves and learned something.
The inlet valves do not shut when the wrist-plate rocks back. Instead they are closed by the governor tripping them each cycle. The vertical rods, which are attached to dashpots, allow the steam valves to close more slowly than if they were shut by the wrist-plate, admitting more steam to the cylinder. An early (and succesful!) type of variable valve timing.
Once again I will turn the valve train explanation over to Wiki, who does a far better explanation than I ever could:
"The inlet valves are pulled open with an eccentric-driven pawl; when the pawl trips, the rapid closure is damped using a dashpot. In many engines, the same dashpot acts as a vacuum spring to pull the valves closed, but Corliss's early engines were slow enough that it was the weight of the dashpot piston and rod that closed the valve.
The speed of a Corliss engine is controlled by varying the cutoff of steam during each power stroke, while leaving the throttle wide open at all times. To accomplish this, the centriugal governor is linked to a pair of cams, one for each admission valve. These cams determine the point during the piston stroke that the pawl will release, allowing that valve to close.
As with all steam engines where the cutoff can be regulated, the virtue of doing so lies in the fact that most of the power stroke is powered by the expansion of steam in the cylinder after the admission valve has closed. This comes far closer to the ideal Carnot cycle than is possible with an engine where the admission valve is open for the length of the power stroke and speed is regulated by a throttle valve."
And lastly, a drawing of this complex arrangement, showing the pawls that open the inlets, and the vertical rods with attached weights.
.jpg)
AC vs. DC Power
At the end of the 19th century, an epic battle was shaping up. On one side were Thomas Edison and Lord Kelvin, who advocated using Direct Current (DC) power distribution systems. On the Alternating Current side of the battle were George Westinghouse and Nikolai Tesla (and nature).
The battle was known as the "War of the Currents". DC power systems had already been developed and in use in the United States for several years, and were the standard in use in the 1880s. From Wiki:
"During the initial years of electricity distribution, Edison's direct current was the standard for the United States, and Edison did not want to lose all his patent royalties. Direct current worked well with incandescent lamps, which were the principal load of the day, and with motors. Direct-current systems could be directly used with storage batteries, providing valuable load-leveling and backup power during interruptions of generator operation. Direct-current generators could be easily paralleled, allowing economical operation by using smaller machines during periods of light load and improving reliability. At the introduction of Edison's system, no practical AC motor was available. Edison had invented a meter to allow customers to be billed for energy proportional to consumption, but this meter worked only with direct current. The transformation efficiency of the early open-core bipolar transformers was very low. Early AC systems used series-connected power distribution systems, with the inherent flaw that turning off a single lamp (or the disconnection of other electric device) affected the voltage supplied to all others on the same circuit. The direct current system did not have these drawbacks as of 1882, giving it significant advantages."
Innovation would shortly end most of the advantages held by Direct Current however, and by 1896 the war would be over. The first innovation was a high-efficiency transformer. This allowed conversion of AC power to very high voltage for transmission with low losses, and conversion to low voltage near the end user. DC power was generated at 110 volts, and due to line losses at this voltage, there had to be a power plant within a mile or so of the end-user. This arrangement would require a power plant to be installed every mile or so! A great arrangement for Thomas Edison, but not so great for everyone else.
What actually caused DC to lose the Battle of the Currents is an electrical relationship, stated in Ohm's Law. Ohm's law says that Power is equal to Voltage times Current, or P = V x C. A corollary of that law is that Power is equal to the square of current times resistance, or P = I^2 x R. This corollary is what killed Direct Current as a means of using electrical power.
In any electrical system, transmission lines will have a certain resistance to current flow. This resistance causes heating, and reduces the ability of the transmission line to carry full load. This is the P - I^2 x R portion of Ohm's Law. Doubling current increases resistive heating by 4 times, and this power that is wasted heating up the power line is lost to the end user.
Therefore, with a semi-understanding of Ohm's law, P = V x C, we can see we need to minimize current if for a given Power to transmit power over any kind of distance. This is done by raising voltage as high as practical. With a transformer we can adjust AC voltage at will, whereas DC has to be generated at the desired end-user voltage, and the entire system must run at that voltage.
There is another reason AC power won the battle: It is simpler to work with at the generator. With a DC machine, the power is produced on the rotor, and must be removed using carbon brushes from the commutator. There are limits to how much current can pass through these brushes, so a typical power plant would have several small machines, each producing a small amount of power.
With an AC generator, the electromagnetic field rotates, and power is produced in the stationary windings of the machine. Because there is no need to pull power from a rotating member, the AC generator can make a great deal more power than its DC counterpart. The largest Dynamo ever built could convert 500 horsepower to DC power. An equivalent physical-size AC machine would be able to convert 10,000 horsepower, with far less complexity and maintenance.
Looking at the small machine below, we can guess a few things:
In the end, AC (rightfully) won the battle, and so now we live in an Alternating Current world. The Wiki version of this fascinating story is here.
And here is a video describing the battle!
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xyQfrzBfnDU
The battle was known as the "War of the Currents". DC power systems had already been developed and in use in the United States for several years, and were the standard in use in the 1880s. From Wiki:
"During the initial years of electricity distribution, Edison's direct current was the standard for the United States, and Edison did not want to lose all his patent royalties. Direct current worked well with incandescent lamps, which were the principal load of the day, and with motors. Direct-current systems could be directly used with storage batteries, providing valuable load-leveling and backup power during interruptions of generator operation. Direct-current generators could be easily paralleled, allowing economical operation by using smaller machines during periods of light load and improving reliability. At the introduction of Edison's system, no practical AC motor was available. Edison had invented a meter to allow customers to be billed for energy proportional to consumption, but this meter worked only with direct current. The transformation efficiency of the early open-core bipolar transformers was very low. Early AC systems used series-connected power distribution systems, with the inherent flaw that turning off a single lamp (or the disconnection of other electric device) affected the voltage supplied to all others on the same circuit. The direct current system did not have these drawbacks as of 1882, giving it significant advantages."
Innovation would shortly end most of the advantages held by Direct Current however, and by 1896 the war would be over. The first innovation was a high-efficiency transformer. This allowed conversion of AC power to very high voltage for transmission with low losses, and conversion to low voltage near the end user. DC power was generated at 110 volts, and due to line losses at this voltage, there had to be a power plant within a mile or so of the end-user. This arrangement would require a power plant to be installed every mile or so! A great arrangement for Thomas Edison, but not so great for everyone else.
What actually caused DC to lose the Battle of the Currents is an electrical relationship, stated in Ohm's Law. Ohm's law says that Power is equal to Voltage times Current, or P = V x C. A corollary of that law is that Power is equal to the square of current times resistance, or P = I^2 x R. This corollary is what killed Direct Current as a means of using electrical power.
In any electrical system, transmission lines will have a certain resistance to current flow. This resistance causes heating, and reduces the ability of the transmission line to carry full load. This is the P - I^2 x R portion of Ohm's Law. Doubling current increases resistive heating by 4 times, and this power that is wasted heating up the power line is lost to the end user.
Therefore, with a semi-understanding of Ohm's law, P = V x C, we can see we need to minimize current if for a given Power to transmit power over any kind of distance. This is done by raising voltage as high as practical. With a transformer we can adjust AC voltage at will, whereas DC has to be generated at the desired end-user voltage, and the entire system must run at that voltage.
There is another reason AC power won the battle: It is simpler to work with at the generator. With a DC machine, the power is produced on the rotor, and must be removed using carbon brushes from the commutator. There are limits to how much current can pass through these brushes, so a typical power plant would have several small machines, each producing a small amount of power.
With an AC generator, the electromagnetic field rotates, and power is produced in the stationary windings of the machine. Because there is no need to pull power from a rotating member, the AC generator can make a great deal more power than its DC counterpart. The largest Dynamo ever built could convert 500 horsepower to DC power. An equivalent physical-size AC machine would be able to convert 10,000 horsepower, with far less complexity and maintenance.
Looking at the small machine below, we can guess a few things:
- The commutator segments would require regular care to ensure they remained insulated from each other.
- Maintenance of brushes and tension would be an ongoing affair.
- Due to low voltage, the output current would be large. You can see how fat the output leads are.
- With such high currents, moving this electricity would require vast amounts of copper.
In the end, AC (rightfully) won the battle, and so now we live in an Alternating Current world. The Wiki version of this fascinating story is here.
And here is a video describing the battle!
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xyQfrzBfnDU
Steam Power and Electricity - Dynamos
Steam engines were invented around 1700 AD. Using a steam engine to turn a generator in order to make electricity would have to wait for another 130 years. Electricity was not understood, and the earliest generators used electrostatic principles to push electrons around. Surviving examples of these static-electricity type generators include the Wimshurst generator and the Van de Graaf generator.
Friday, June 21, 2013
Old Mission State Park - Cataldo Mission
Recently we were asked to chaperone on a field trip for our daugher's class. The field trip was to the Cataldo Mission, now called "Old Mission State Park".
I've forgotten a lot of the Idaho history that they taught in Boise grade school, and Northern Idaho always seemed such a long way from where I grew up...
Long story short, I learned a lot about the mission and the interesting story behind it.
In the early 1800's, the Coeur d'Alene Indian Tribe had heard about certain powerful white medicine men who wore black robes and had great magic. The "medicine men" were actually Catholic Jesuit Priests, a sect devoted to spreading the word of God through evangelism.
The Indians sent several chiefs all the way to St. Louis to request their own priest. In 1842 The Jesuits responded to the request and sent three priests to the area. Their first activity was to choose a location for a mission. The first was along the St. Joe River, but the site was subject to flooding. In 1846 they chose the current location.
In 1850 the church was taken over by Father Antonio Ravalli, who began designing the new mission building. He was Italian, had traveled Europe, and seen many of the great Cathedrals there.
He made sure that the building was constructed by the Indians themselves, so that they could feel part of the church. The frame of the building was built using only broad-axes and wood augers. There were no lumber mills (or even roads) in the area at that time, so each board was made flat by hand from a log using only an axe. The boards are held together by wooden pegs driven through holes. Amazingly, even with this primitive construction, this is Idaho's oldest standing building!
Unfortunately in the 1920s, the indians were forced to move to a reservation, and the unique building of worship that they had created with their own hands was taken from them. It was abandoned then, and fell into disrepair, until the Idaho Centennial commision decided to restore it in 1976. Following the restoration, the mission building is still about 90% original. On a happier note, the building has since been returned to the Coeur d'Alene Tribe.
Below are the two primitive tools used in the construction of this entire building. Augur and broadaxe.
Father Ravalli made this elaborate candle holder from used cans.
I've forgotten a lot of the Idaho history that they taught in Boise grade school, and Northern Idaho always seemed such a long way from where I grew up...
Long story short, I learned a lot about the mission and the interesting story behind it.
In the early 1800's, the Coeur d'Alene Indian Tribe had heard about certain powerful white medicine men who wore black robes and had great magic. The "medicine men" were actually Catholic Jesuit Priests, a sect devoted to spreading the word of God through evangelism.
The Indians sent several chiefs all the way to St. Louis to request their own priest. In 1842 The Jesuits responded to the request and sent three priests to the area. Their first activity was to choose a location for a mission. The first was along the St. Joe River, but the site was subject to flooding. In 1846 they chose the current location.
In 1850 the church was taken over by Father Antonio Ravalli, who began designing the new mission building. He was Italian, had traveled Europe, and seen many of the great Cathedrals there.
He made sure that the building was constructed by the Indians themselves, so that they could feel part of the church. The frame of the building was built using only broad-axes and wood augers. There were no lumber mills (or even roads) in the area at that time, so each board was made flat by hand from a log using only an axe. The boards are held together by wooden pegs driven through holes. Amazingly, even with this primitive construction, this is Idaho's oldest standing building!
After framing, the walls were filled in with "wattle and daub", which is a blend of creek willows and mud. The ceiling was initially white, but the indians wanted the ceiling color to more accurately represent the sky, so they created a stain from huckleberries and stained the center three ceiling panels blue.
Unfortunately in the 1920s, the indians were forced to move to a reservation, and the unique building of worship that they had created with their own hands was taken from them. It was abandoned then, and fell into disrepair, until the Idaho Centennial commision decided to restore it in 1976. Following the restoration, the mission building is still about 90% original. On a happier note, the building has since been returned to the Coeur d'Alene Tribe.
Below are the two primitive tools used in the construction of this entire building. Augur and broadaxe.
Beautiful handmade floor planks
Below is a statue carved by Father Antonio Ravalli. It is not marble, but local pine. Near the bottom is a photo of Father Ravalli.
A photo of the altar. Everything is made from pine trees, and finished to look like marble and hardwoods. The "wallpaper" is made from bits of fabric and old newspapers.
An overview from the back of the mission. It's an awe-inspiring, hand-made frontier cathedral.
Monday, May 27, 2013
New Foal Down the Road
A couple of weeks ago, some neighbors of ours mentioned that there was a new baby horse in a nearby pasture. It's not far from the house, but we don't go that way often, because we have to go the other direction to go into town.
We went there and there was a cute little foal sticking close to mom. It was pretty difficult to get his picture, because he kept hiding behind the mare - probably an instinctive thing to protect against predators. I took these with my cell camera, and the horses look short to me. No idea how to fix this...
Saturday, May 25, 2013
Home brewing - Yeast
Switching gears for a moment from historical steam turbines...
Yeast are interesting micro-organisms. They are actually very simple single-cell fungi. They are pretty cool organisms, because they metabolize sugars and excrete grain alcohol as a waste product. They also generate carbon dioxide gas, which is released during the fermentation process.
This gas is also what causes bread to rise and have the spongy texture it has. Yeast is mixed with the dough, and allowed to eat some of the sugars in the flour. The bread rises because yeast release bubbles of carbon dioxide gas, which is trapped in pockets in the dough. This process of converting a flat bread into risen bread is called "Leavening". Yeast are believed to be one of the earliest domesticated organisms, because 4000 year old bakeries have been unearthed in Egypt that have facilities for baking leavened bread.
In an environment with the proper temperature and nutrients, each generation of yeast eats, multiplies many times, and dies. This process of eat, multiply, and death continues until they either run out of sugar in their environment, or the concentration of their own waste products finally kills them.
In this respect yeast aren't a whole lot different than people. Humans have multiplied to reach 7 Billion people on this little planet. We have radioactive water seeping into the Pacific Ocean and entering the food chain. We also have a million chemical pollutants, some of which we breathe, and others that our food comes packaged in.
But that's just a philosophical thought for the moment.
What's important is the new batch of Orange Blossom Amber. In addition to using the Pre-made Amber kit, this batch has one and a half pounds of orange grove honey added shortly before the end of the boil. Didn't want the orange flavors to boil off over the course of a one hour boil, so I added it right at the end, just long enough to sterilize any germs.
Here is the Amber right after I added the yeast and installed the airlock. The light foam on the surface is just from pouring it into the fermenter.
Here is a picture taken the following day. The yeast are busy! The carbon dioxide gas they release in the sugar mixture creates tiny bubbles and produces a thick foam.
Below is a photo taken on day four. The simple sugars have been eaten and the yeast are moving onto the more complex sugars. The airlock is not bubbling quite so fast now. The foam has some crusty-looking brown stuff in it, which is dead yeast cells from previous generations.
I also kegged a Belgian Honey Wheat beer that I made back in February. The recipe calls for it to sit in a secondary fermenter for 4 months! One thing I noticed is how little haze the beer has when you allow it to settle for so long. Take a look at the fermenter and the glass. This definitely has more clarity than any of my other brews!
This beer had a ton of fermentable sugar in it (the kit was quite expensive), and the high alcohol content actually gives the beer a little heat, like wine. I guess it's about 10-11% alcohol or 20 proof. I've never had a beer that burned before...
Lastly there is a cool time-lapse video I found on the internet. It shows a week of fermentation in a couple of minutes. When the yeast are active, they generate quite a bit of heat and cause quite a bit of circulation. You can see the process in the fermenter, it just seems REALLY fast in time-lapse.
So the yeast are really busy but don't accomplish much, except to quickly run themselves out of food and kill themselves in their own waste. I'm sure there's something I could say about humanity, but I won't. I will say this - homebrew is really cool and tastes awesome!
Yeast are interesting micro-organisms. They are actually very simple single-cell fungi. They are pretty cool organisms, because they metabolize sugars and excrete grain alcohol as a waste product. They also generate carbon dioxide gas, which is released during the fermentation process.
This gas is also what causes bread to rise and have the spongy texture it has. Yeast is mixed with the dough, and allowed to eat some of the sugars in the flour. The bread rises because yeast release bubbles of carbon dioxide gas, which is trapped in pockets in the dough. This process of converting a flat bread into risen bread is called "Leavening". Yeast are believed to be one of the earliest domesticated organisms, because 4000 year old bakeries have been unearthed in Egypt that have facilities for baking leavened bread.
In an environment with the proper temperature and nutrients, each generation of yeast eats, multiplies many times, and dies. This process of eat, multiply, and death continues until they either run out of sugar in their environment, or the concentration of their own waste products finally kills them.
In this respect yeast aren't a whole lot different than people. Humans have multiplied to reach 7 Billion people on this little planet. We have radioactive water seeping into the Pacific Ocean and entering the food chain. We also have a million chemical pollutants, some of which we breathe, and others that our food comes packaged in.
But that's just a philosophical thought for the moment.
What's important is the new batch of Orange Blossom Amber. In addition to using the Pre-made Amber kit, this batch has one and a half pounds of orange grove honey added shortly before the end of the boil. Didn't want the orange flavors to boil off over the course of a one hour boil, so I added it right at the end, just long enough to sterilize any germs.
Here is the Amber right after I added the yeast and installed the airlock. The light foam on the surface is just from pouring it into the fermenter.
Here is a picture taken the following day. The yeast are busy! The carbon dioxide gas they release in the sugar mixture creates tiny bubbles and produces a thick foam.
Below is a photo taken on day four. The simple sugars have been eaten and the yeast are moving onto the more complex sugars. The airlock is not bubbling quite so fast now. The foam has some crusty-looking brown stuff in it, which is dead yeast cells from previous generations.
Next up after the Orange Blossom Amber is a the Gold Dust IPA (India Pale Ale), a light, bitter and hoppy beer.
I also kegged a Belgian Honey Wheat beer that I made back in February. The recipe calls for it to sit in a secondary fermenter for 4 months! One thing I noticed is how little haze the beer has when you allow it to settle for so long. Take a look at the fermenter and the glass. This definitely has more clarity than any of my other brews!
Lastly there is a cool time-lapse video I found on the internet. It shows a week of fermentation in a couple of minutes. When the yeast are active, they generate quite a bit of heat and cause quite a bit of circulation. You can see the process in the fermenter, it just seems REALLY fast in time-lapse.
So the yeast are really busy but don't accomplish much, except to quickly run themselves out of food and kill themselves in their own waste. I'm sure there's something I could say about humanity, but I won't. I will say this - homebrew is really cool and tastes awesome!
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